Carthage by Dexter Hoyos

Author:Dexter Hoyos
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor and Francis
Published: 2020-11-16T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1On Carthage’s last half-century, see works cited in Chapter 5, note 8. ‘Carthage must not exist’: Plutarch, Cato the Elder 27.1; Diodorus 33.33.3. The popular version of the saying, ‘Carthage must be destroyed’—Carthago delenda est (itself a modern version of Pliny the Elder, Natural History 15.20)—is inaccurate: Dubuisson 1989; Maaß 2004.

2The Third Punic War: Gsell, HAAN 3.297–335; Caven 1980, 273–94; Huss 1985, 433–9; Harris 1989, 142–62; Goldsworthy 2000, 331–56; Le Bohec 2011; Kunze 2011; Hoyos 2015, 229–76.

3Scipio’s evocatio is quoted by Macrobius (5th century ad), Saturnalia 3.9.6–8. Tertullian (Apologeticum 17) and Virgilian commentator Servius (on Aeneid 12.841) claim that Juno was the deity called forth, but this is contradicted by the wording of the evocatio itself: cf. Ando 2008, 128–35.

4Scipio Aemilianus, weeping, and Polybius view Carthage in flames: Pol. 38.22; Diodorus 32.24; Appian, Libyca 132.628–630 (relying on Polybius); Astin 1967, 282–7; Walbank 1979, 722‑5. The invented salt-legend: Ridley 1986; Stevens 1988 (but the legend remains invincibly popular).

5Why Carthage was destroyed: ancient views, (e.g.) Pol. 36.2.1–2 (a long-standing Roman plan); 36.9.1–17 (Greek opinions), 38.1.5; Livy, Epitome 47–48 (critical of Carthage); Appian, Libyca 74.338–40 (critical of Rome); Zonaras 9.26.1–5 (epitome of Cassius Dio, critical of Carthage). Modern views: (e.g.) Astin, 1967, 272–81; Walbank 1979, 663–8; Harris 1979, 152–5; Caven 1980, 270–2; Huss 1985, 435–9; Harris 1989, 234–40; Goldsworthy 2000, 331–5; Miles 2010, 332–40; P. J. Burton, Friendship and Empire: Roman Diplomacy and Imperialism in the Middle Republic (353–146 BC) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 305–23; Le Bohec 2011, 430–5; Rosenstein 2012, 233–9; Hoyos 2015, 270–4; Hoyos 2019c, 30–2.

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